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Alternative strategies for the synthesis of [11C]ER176 for PET imaging of neuroinflammation

Abstract

[C-11]ER176 is a next generation PET radioligand for imaging 18 kDa translocator protein, a biomarker for neuroinflammation. The goal of this work was to investigate alternative strategies for the radiochemical synthesis, purification, and formulation of [C-11]ER176. An optimized tri-solvent high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) protocol is described to separate the hydro-de-chlorinated byproduct from [C-11]ER176. A newly implemented solid phase extraction work-up efficiently removed HPLC solvent while maintaining chemical purity and overall radiochemical yield and purity. This new HPLC purification and final formulation was completed within 40 min, providing 2.7 +/- 0.5 GBq of [C-11]ER176 at end of synthesis with 1400 +/- 300 GBq/ mu mol molar activity while meeting all specifications for radiopharmaceutical quality control tests for human research use.

article Article

date_range 2021

language English

link Link of the paper

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Mixdorf Jason

Murali Dhanabalan

Xin Yangchun

Difilippo Alexandra

Aluicio-Sarduy Eduardo

Barnhart Todd

Engle Jonathan

Ellison Paul

Christian Bradley

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Featured Keywords

Neuroinflammation

PET

Radiochemistry

ER176

11-Carbon

TSPO

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Assessment of reinforced concrete building damages following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Malatya, Turkey (February 6, 2023)

Abstract

Earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 hit the city of Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) on 6 February 2023. These earthquakes caused serious damage in 11 provinces in Turkey resulting in over 50,000 deaths and huge economic losses with the collapse of thousands of buildings. Two consecutive devastating earthquakes have severely damaged the reinforced concrete building stock located in Malatya. There are many reasons reinforced concrete structures suffer damage under the influence of seismic loads. These reasons can be listed as material and section properties that do not comply with earthquake codes, workmanship defects, ground parameters that are not considered and design errors, as seen in field investigations after earthquakes in Turkey in the past. In this research, a field study was conducted on reinforced concrete buildings damaged after the earthquakes in Malatya province. The causes of structural damages in reinforced concrete buildings between 6–26 years of age were assessed in terms of design and material defects. The structural damages were mainly caused due to insufficient stirrups in structural members, short column, strong beam–weak column, failures of infill walls, soft story type collapse, poor concrete quality, and reinforcement corrosion. In addition to the field investigation, the spectrum relationships created using raw acceleration data obtained from DEMP (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency) stations in Malatya province were compared with the design response spectra.

article Article

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

Collapsed buildings

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