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Recent Progress on the Zweifel Olefination: An Update

Abstract

Over the past several decades, the Zweifel olefination has emerged as one of the most powerful and reliable tools for constructing C-C double bonds. This reaction features high efficiency, good versatili-ty, avoids the use of transition metals, and typically affords perfect ste-reospecificity, making it superior to many other olefination methods. Since Aggarwal's summary of the 50-year history of the Zweifel olefina-tion in 2017, remarkable achievements have been made in terms of employing new organometallic species, performing reactions through electrochemical or photochemical pathways, and developing methods that furnish new types of products. This short review summarizes and discusses the very recent progress made on the Zweifel olefination and its latest applications in the synthesis of natural products.IntroductionZweifel Olefination with New Organometallic SpeciesZweifel Olefination with New Migrating GroupsElectrochemical and Photocatalyzed Zweifel Olefinations New Elimination and Migration Patterns Involving the Zweifel OlefinationZweifel Olefination in Natural Product SynthesisOther Reactions Involving the Zweifel Olefination MechanismConclusions and Outlook

article Review

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

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Li Xin

Song Qiuling

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Zweifel olefination

1,2-migration

tetracoordinate

alkenyl boron

transition-metal-free

stereospecific

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Assessment of reinforced concrete building damages following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Malatya, Turkey (February 6, 2023)

Abstract

Earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 hit the city of Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) on 6 February 2023. These earthquakes caused serious damage in 11 provinces in Turkey resulting in over 50,000 deaths and huge economic losses with the collapse of thousands of buildings. Two consecutive devastating earthquakes have severely damaged the reinforced concrete building stock located in Malatya. There are many reasons reinforced concrete structures suffer damage under the influence of seismic loads. These reasons can be listed as material and section properties that do not comply with earthquake codes, workmanship defects, ground parameters that are not considered and design errors, as seen in field investigations after earthquakes in Turkey in the past. In this research, a field study was conducted on reinforced concrete buildings damaged after the earthquakes in Malatya province. The causes of structural damages in reinforced concrete buildings between 6–26 years of age were assessed in terms of design and material defects. The structural damages were mainly caused due to insufficient stirrups in structural members, short column, strong beam–weak column, failures of infill walls, soft story type collapse, poor concrete quality, and reinforcement corrosion. In addition to the field investigation, the spectrum relationships created using raw acceleration data obtained from DEMP (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency) stations in Malatya province were compared with the design response spectra.

article Article

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

Collapsed buildings

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