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The effects of the 1999 Golcuk earthquake (Mw 7.4) on trace element contamination of core sediments from Izmit Gulf, Turkey

Abstract

Using geochemical and sedimentological properties of a sediment core IK2 from the 210 m deep Karamursel Basin of the Izmit Gulf, temporal evolution of pollution and sources of trace elements (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) were investigated. The core sequence extends back to AD865 and includes four mass-flow units (THU-1 to THU-4 from top to base) that were triggered by major earthquakes of AD 1999, 1509, 1206 and 865. The vertical profiles of elements and total organic carbon (TOC) in core IK2 display the highest enrichments in THU-1 that was triggered by the 1999 Izmit earthquake (Mw 7.4). The profiles also display massive erosion of sediments below THU-1, belonging to the industrial period. Principal component analysis (PCA) of geochemical data from core IK2 showed three clusters: (1) PC1 (Co, Cu, Zn, Hg, TOC); (2) PC2 (As, Cr); (3) PC3 (Al). Enrichment of PC1 elements in THU-1 indicates that the unit represents the contaminated surficial sediments remobilized mainly from the relatively steep slopes of the Karamursel Basin by the earthquake shaking. Strong correlation between TOC and Cu, Zn, Hg, Co suggests additional contamination sources, such as the seepages from the disrupted industrial pipelines, oil refinery and storage tanks, following the earthquake. Moderate enrichment in Pb, and As severe enrichment in Zn and very severe enrichment in Hg in the THU-1 sediments occurred in the last century, but significantly magnified by the devastating 1999 Izmit earthquake and early diagenetic processes.

article Article

date_range 2023

language English

link Link of the paper

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Kaya Tugce

Sari Erol

Cagatay M.

Kurt Mehmet

Kosesakal Taylan

Kilic Onder

Acar Dursun

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Trace element

1999 Izmit earthquake

Sediment core

Pollution sources

Izmit Gulf

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Assessment of reinforced concrete building damages following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Malatya, Turkey (February 6, 2023)

Abstract

Earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 hit the city of Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) on 6 February 2023. These earthquakes caused serious damage in 11 provinces in Turkey resulting in over 50,000 deaths and huge economic losses with the collapse of thousands of buildings. Two consecutive devastating earthquakes have severely damaged the reinforced concrete building stock located in Malatya. There are many reasons reinforced concrete structures suffer damage under the influence of seismic loads. These reasons can be listed as material and section properties that do not comply with earthquake codes, workmanship defects, ground parameters that are not considered and design errors, as seen in field investigations after earthquakes in Turkey in the past. In this research, a field study was conducted on reinforced concrete buildings damaged after the earthquakes in Malatya province. The causes of structural damages in reinforced concrete buildings between 6–26 years of age were assessed in terms of design and material defects. The structural damages were mainly caused due to insufficient stirrups in structural members, short column, strong beam–weak column, failures of infill walls, soft story type collapse, poor concrete quality, and reinforcement corrosion. In addition to the field investigation, the spectrum relationships created using raw acceleration data obtained from DEMP (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency) stations in Malatya province were compared with the design response spectra.

article Article

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

Collapsed buildings

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