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Open5G: A Software-Defined Networking Protocol for 5G Multi-RAT Wireless Networks

Abstract

Mobile Networks today comprise of multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs), e.g., 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and the upcoming 5G-New Radio (5G-NR). The access networks of these RATs are controlled by RAT-specific entities, e.g., the resource management function located inside an individual LTE eNB is used for the eNB control, or access controllers are used for controlling WLAN access points. Even in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project's (3GPP) 5G architecture, which has a common Core supporting multiple RATs, radio access related decisions are taken independently within individual RATs. Due to the fragmented nature of control-plane in multi-RAT Radio Access Network (RAN), a unified global view of network resources is unavailable, hindering optimized allocation of resources. It also brings complexity to the features involving multiple RATs, e.g., dual connectivity. To address these issues, we introduced an SDN-based Multi-RAT RAN architecture (SMRAN) in our earlier work In where the RAN control-plane is segregated from the data-plane. As part of the SMRAN architecture, we defined a logically centralized multi-RAT RAN Controller and individual RAT-specific data-plane functions. In the current work, we define a protocol, called OpenSG, to be used for control and management of the SMRAN data-plane. OpenSG is based on OpenFlow (OF) and OF-Config, which are commonly used protocols in the SDN-based wired networks and data centers. With the OpenSG protocol, the multiRAT RAN can be controlled by an open interface, bringing flexibility and simplicity in network interactions.

article Proceedings Paper

date_range 2020

language English

link Link of the paper

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Taksande Pradnya

Jha Pranav

Karandikar Abhay

Chaporkar Prasanna

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Open5G

southbound interface

Openflow

OF-Config

SDN

architecture

multi-RAT RAN

Open RAN

SM-RAN

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Performance evaluation of mortar with ground and thermo-activated recycled concrete cement

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to examine the combined effect of ground recycled concrete cement (GRC) and thermo-activated recycled concrete cement (TARC) on properties of mortar. The physical, chemical and microstructural tests were conducted to characterize GRC and TARC before mortar mixtures were produced. The microscopic morphology of GRC and TARC revealed uneven edges and a rough surface that is slightly porous. The GRC and TARC powders were used to replace cement in the range of 0-50% at increments of 10% by volume. The fresh, mechanical, microstructure, and durability characteristics of mortar were tested for different proportion of GRC and TARC as partial replacement of cement. The usage of GRC and TARC decreases the workability of mortar marginally. However, the mechanical performance of the mortar mixtures showed an increasing trend when GRC and TARC share increases in the mixture. Predominantly, compressive strength, bulk density, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) have all been increased by as much as 20% cement replacement. Furthermore, the incorporation of GRC and TARC enhances the mortar’s durability properties. The microstructure analysis reveals that 20% replacement (GT20) mix has superior structural compactness. In general, partially substitution of GRC and TARC by ordinary Portland cement improves several characteristics of mortar. This will help solve the most prevalent problems that concrete produces, including the high embedded carbon dioxide creation, the high resource usage, and the high waste generation after demolition.

article Article

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

Compressive Strength

GT0-GT50 (xlsx)