Raw Data Library
About
Aims and ScopeAdvisory Board Members
More
Who We Are?
User Guide
Green Science
​
​
EN
Kurumsal BaşvuruSign inGet started
​
​

About
Aims and ScopeAdvisory Board Members
More
Who We Are?
User GuideGreen Science

Language

Kurumsal Başvuru

Sign inGet started
RDL logo

Verified research datasets. Instant access. Built for collaboration.

Navigation

About

Aims and Scope

Advisory Board Members

More

Who We Are?

Contact

Add Raw Data

User Guide

Legal

Privacy Policy

Terms of Service

Support

Got an issue? Email us directly.

Email: info@rawdatalibrary.netOpen Mail App
​
​

© 2026 Raw Data Library. All rights reserved.
PrivacyTermsContact
  1. Raw Data Library
  2. /
  3. Publications
  4. /
  5. The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans

Verified authors • Institutional access • DOI aware
50,000+ researchers120,000+ datasets90% satisfaction
Article
en
2020

The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans

0 Datasets

0 Files

en
2020
Vol 581 (7809)
Vol. 581
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2308-7

Get instant academic access to this publication’s datasets.

Create free accountHow it works

Frequently asked questions

Is access really free for academics and students?

Yes. After verification, you can browse and download datasets at no cost. Some premium assets may require author approval.

How is my data protected?

Files are stored on encrypted storage. Access is restricted to verified users and all downloads are logged.

Can I request additional materials?

Yes, message the author after sign-up to request supplementary files or replication code.

Advance your research today

Join 50,000+ researchers worldwide. Get instant access to peer-reviewed datasets, advanced analytics, and global collaboration tools.

Get free academic accessLearn more
✓ Immediate verification • ✓ Free institutional access • ✓ Global collaboration
Access Research Data

Join our academic network to download verified datasets and collaborate with researchers worldwide.

Get Free Access
Institutional SSO
Secure
This PDF is not available in different languages.
No localized PDFs are currently available.
Emelia Benjamin
Emelia Benjamin

Institution not specified

Verified
Konrad J. Karczewski
Laurent C. Francioli
Grace Tiao
+97 more

Abstract

Genetic variants that inactivate protein-coding genes are a powerful source of information about the phenotypic consequences of gene disruption: genes that are crucial for the function of an organism will be depleted of such variants in natural populations, whereas non-essential genes will tolerate their accumulation. However, predicted loss-of-function variants are enriched for annotation errors, and tend to be found at extremely low frequencies, so their analysis requires careful variant annotation and very large sample sizes1. Here we describe the aggregation of 125,748 exomes and 15,708 genomes from human sequencing studies into the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). We identify 443,769 high-confidence predicted loss-of-function variants in this cohort after filtering for artefacts caused by sequencing and annotation errors. Using an improved model of human mutation rates, we classify human protein-coding genes along a spectrum that represents tolerance to inactivation, validate this classification using data from model organisms and engineered human cells, and show that it can be used to improve the power of gene discovery for both common and rare diseases.

How to cite this publication

Konrad J. Karczewski, Laurent C. Francioli, Grace Tiao, Beryl B. Cummings, Jessica Alföldi, Qingbo S. Wang, Ryan L. Collins, Kristen M. Laricchia, Andrea Ganna, Daniel P. Birnbaum, Laura D. Gauthier, Harrison Brand, Matthew Solomonson, Nicholas A. Watts, Daniel R. Rhodes, Moriel Singer‐Berk, Eleina England, Eleanor G. Seaby, Jack A. Kosmicki, Raymond K. Walters, Katherine Tashman, Yossi Farjoun, Eric Banks, Timothy Poterba, Arcturus Wang, Cotton Seed, Nicola Whiffin, Jessica X. Chong, Kaitlin E. Samocha, Emma Pierce‐Hoffman, Zachary Zappala, Anne O’Donnell‐Luria, Eric Vallabh Minikel, Ben Weisburd, Monkol Lek, James S. Ware, Christopher Vittal, Irina M. Armean, Louis Bergelson, Kristian Cibulskis, Kristen M. Connolly, Miguel Covarrubias, Stacey Donnelly, Steven Ferriera, Stacey Gabriel, Jeff Gentry, Namrata Gupta, Thibault Jeandet, Diane Kaplan, Christopher Llanwarne, Ruchi Munshi, Sam Novod, Nikelle Petrillo, David Roazen, Valentín Ruano-Rubio, Andrea Saltzman, Molly Schleicher, José Soto, Kathleen Tibbetts, Charlotte Tolonen, Gordon Wade, Michael E. Talkowski, Carlos A. Aguilar‐Salinas, Tariq Ahmad, Christine M. Albert, Diego Ardissino, Gil Atzmon, John Barnard, Laurent Beaugerie, Emelia Benjamin, Michael Boehnke, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Erwin P. Böttinger, Donald W. Bowden, Matthew J. Bown, John C. Chambers, Juliana C.N. Chan, Daniel I. Chasman, Judy H. Cho, Mina K. Chung, Bruce M. Cohen, Adolfo Correa, Dana Dabelea, Mark J. Daly, Dawood Darbar, Ravindranath Duggirala, Josée Dupuis, Patrick T. Ellinor, Roberto Elosúa, Jeanette Erdmann, Tõnu Esko, Martti Färkkilâ, José C. Florez, André Franke, Gad Getz, Benjamin Gläser, Stephen J. Glatt, David Goldstein, Clicerio González, Leif Groop (2020). The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans. , 581(7809), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2308-7.

Related publications

Why join Raw Data Library?

Quality

Datasets shared by verified academics with rich metadata and previews.

Control

Authors choose access levels; downloads are logged for transparency.

Free for Academia

Students and faculty get instant access after verification.

Publication Details

Type

Article

Year

2020

Authors

100

Datasets

0

Total Files

0

Language

en

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2308-7

Join Research Community

Access datasets from 50,000+ researchers worldwide with institutional verification.

Get Free Access