The Development of Anammox and Chloroflexi Bacteria during the Composting of Sewage Sludge

The C/N ratio is an extremely important parameter in the composting process and is directly responsible for the growth of microorganisms. A low C/N ratio contributes to higher emissions of greenhouse gases and odorous substances, such as ammonia (NH3), which is formed by nitrogen mineralization. Due to the highly toxic effects of ammonia, it is a particularly unwanted by-product that can disrupt the composting process since it poisons microorganisms and causes environmental issues. The activity of anammox bacteria, so far analyzed only in wastewater treatment processes, is a particularly efficient method of nitrogen removal, having an advantage over the conventional methods used previously. This study shows the presence of anammox bacteria during composting, which allows for an opportunity to improve the process and reduce its impact on atmospheric pollution. Despite the aerobic nature of this process, the composted mass of waste presents conditions conducive to the development of these ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, as well as the other strains of microorganisms cooperating with them. This makes it possible to compost at a low C/N ratio; in addition, there is no need for an additional energy supply through aeration, as the processes carried out by anammox bacteria do not require oxygen. Therefore, more in-depth research is necessary to evaluate the low C/N effect on anammox and Chloroflexi bacteria growth and its effect on nitrogen balance during composting.