Superhydrophobic Breakdown of Nanostructured Surfaces Characterized in Situ Using ATR–FTIR

In situ characterization of the underwater stability of superhydrophobic micro- and nanostructured surfaces is important for the development of self-cleaning and antifouling materials. In this work, we demonstrate a novel attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy-based method for large-area wetting characterization of silicon nanopillars. When air is present in between the structures, as is characteristic of the Cassie-Baxter state, the relative intensities of the water bands in the absorption spectrum change because of the wavelength-dependent attenuation of the evanescent wave. This phenomenon enables unambiguous identification of the wetting state and assessment of liquid impalement. Using mixtures of isopropanol and water with different concentrations, the breakdown of superhydrophobic states and the wetting hysteresis effects are systematically studied on uniform arrays of silicon nanopillars. A transition from the Cassie-Baxter to Wenzel state is observed when the isopropanol concentration exceeds 2.8 mol %, corresponding to a critical surface tension of 39 mN/m. Spontaneous dewetting does not occur upon decreasing the isopropanol concentration, and pure water can be obtained in a stable Wenzel state on the originally superhydrophobic substrates. The developed ATR-FTIR method can be promising for real-time monitoring of the wetting kinetics on nanostructured surfaces.