Raw Data Library
About
Aims and ScopeAdvisory Board Members
More
Who We Are?
User Guide
Green Science
​
​
EN
Kurumsal BaşvuruSign inGet started
​
​

About
Aims and ScopeAdvisory Board Members
More
Who We Are?
User GuideGreen Science

Language

Kurumsal Başvuru

Sign inGet started
RDL logo

Verified research datasets. Instant access. Built for collaboration.

Navigation

About

Aims and Scope

Advisory Board Members

More

Who We Are?

Contact

Add Raw Data

User Guide

Legal

Privacy Policy

Terms of Service

Support

Got an issue? Email us directly.

Email: info@rawdatalibrary.netOpen Mail App
​
​

© 2026 Raw Data Library. All rights reserved.
PrivacyTermsContact
  1. Raw Data Library
  2. /
  3. Publications
  4. /
  5. Prolonged activation of nasal immune cell populations and development of tissue-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses following COVID-19

Verified authors • Institutional access • DOI aware
50,000+ researchers120,000+ datasets90% satisfaction
Article
English
2021

Prolonged activation of nasal immune cell populations and development of tissue-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses following COVID-19

0 Datasets

0 Files

English
2021
Nature Immunology
Vol 23 (1)
DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01095-w

Get instant academic access to this publication’s datasets.

Create free accountHow it works

Frequently asked questions

Is access really free for academics and students?

Yes. After verification, you can browse and download datasets at no cost. Some premium assets may require author approval.

How is my data protected?

Files are stored on encrypted storage. Access is restricted to verified users and all downloads are logged.

Can I request additional materials?

Yes, message the author after sign-up to request supplementary files or replication code.

Advance your research today

Join 50,000+ researchers worldwide. Get instant access to peer-reviewed datasets, advanced analytics, and global collaboration tools.

Get free academic accessLearn more
✓ Immediate verification • ✓ Free institutional access • ✓ Global collaboration
Access Research Data

Join our academic network to download verified datasets and collaborate with researchers worldwide.

Get Free Access
Institutional SSO
Secure
This PDF is not available in different languages.
No localized PDFs are currently available.
Frits R. Rosendaal
Frits R. Rosendaal

Leiden University

Verified
Anna H.E. Roukens
Cilia R. Pothast
Marion König
+94 more

Abstract

Systemic immune cell dynamics during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are extensively documented, but these are less well studied in the (upper) respiratory tract, where severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replicates1–6. Here, we characterized nasal and systemic immune cells in individuals with COVID-19 who were hospitalized or convalescent and compared the immune cells to those seen in healthy donors. We observed increased nasal granulocytes, monocytes, CD11c+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ T effector cells during acute COVID-19. The mucosal proinflammatory populations positively associated with peripheral blood human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRlow monocytes, CD38+PD1+CD4+ T effector (Teff) cells and plasmablasts. However, there was no general lymphopenia in nasal mucosa, unlike in peripheral blood. Moreover, nasal neutrophils negatively associated with oxygen saturation levels in blood. Following convalescence, nasal immune cells mostly normalized, except for CD127+ granulocytes and CD38+CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells persisted at least 2 months after viral clearance in the nasal mucosa, indicating that COVID-19 has both transient and long-term effects on upper respiratory tract immune responses. The immunological processes occurring in the upper respiratory tract during COVID-19 are relatively poorly understood. Jochems and colleagues observe durable changes in the upper respiratory tract following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including evidence of virus-specific tissue memory T cells.

How to cite this publication

Anna H.E. Roukens, Cilia R. Pothast, Marion König, Wesley Huisman, Tim J. Dalebout, Tamar Tak, Shohreh Azimi, Yvonne C. M. Kruize, Renate S. Hagedoorn, Mihaela Zlei, Frank J. T. Staal, Fenna De Bie, Jacques J. M. van Dongen, M. Sesmu Arbous, Jaimie L. H. Zhang, Maaike Verheij, Corine Prins, Anne M. van der Does, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Jutte J.C. de Vries, Jacqueline J. Janse, Meta Roestenberg, Sebenzile K. Myeni, Marjolein Kikkert, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Mirjam H.M. Heemskerk, Hermelijn H. Smits, Simon P. Jochems, M. Sesmu Arbous, Bernard M. van den Berg, Sandra de Bruin-Versteeg, Suzanne C. Cannegieter, K. Canté, Christa M. Cobbaert, Anne M. van der Does, Jacques J. M. van Dongen, Jeroen Eikenboom, Mariet C.W. Feltkamp, Annemieke Geluk, Jelle J. Goeman, Martin Giera, Rick J. Groenland, Thomas Hankemeier, Mirjam H.M. Heemskerk, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Cornelis H. Hokke, Rosalie van der Holst, Jacqueline J. Janse, Simon P. Jochems, Simone A. Joosten, Marjolein Kikkert, S. Klaver Flores, Lieke Lamont, Judith Manniën, Bas de Mooij, Tom H. M. Ottenhoff, Karin Pike‐Overzet, Tamás Pongrácz, Michaela Prado, N. Queralt Rosinach, Meta Roestenberg, Marco Roos, Anna H.E. Roukens, Alita J. van der Sluijs‐Gelling, Hermelijn H. Smits, Eric J. Snijder, Frank J. T. Staal, Leendert A. Trouw, Roula Tsonaka, Aswin Verhoeven, Leo G. Visser, Jutte J.C. de Vries, David J. van Westerloo, Jeanette Wigbers, H.J. van Wijk, Robin C. van Wissen, Manfred Wuhrer, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Mihaela Zlei, Josine A. Oud, Meryem Baysan, Jeanette Wigbers, Lieke J. van Heurn, Susan B. ter Haar, Alexandra G. L. Toppenberg, Laura Heerdink, Annekee A. van IJlzinga Veenstra, Anna M. Eikenboom, Julia M. Wubbolts, Jonathan W. Uzorka, Willem M. Lijfering, Romy T. Meier, I. De Jonge, Mark de Boer, Anske G. van der Bom, Olaf M. Dekkers, Frits R. Rosendaal (2021). Prolonged activation of nasal immune cell populations and development of tissue-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses following COVID-19. Nature Immunology, 23(1), pp. 23-32, DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01095-w.

Related publications

Why join Raw Data Library?

Quality

Datasets shared by verified academics with rich metadata and previews.

Control

Authors choose access levels; downloads are logged for transparency.

Free for Academia

Students and faculty get instant access after verification.

Publication Details

Type

Article

Year

2021

Authors

97

Datasets

0

Total Files

0

Language

English

Journal

Nature Immunology

DOI

10.1038/s41590-021-01095-w

Join Research Community

Access datasets from 50,000+ researchers worldwide with institutional verification.

Get Free Access