Peer Review and Scientific Publication at a Crossroads

The way science is assessed, published, and disseminated has markedly changed since 1986, when the launch of a new Congress focused on the science of peer review was first announced.There have been 9 International Peer Review Congresses since 1989, typically running on an every-4-year cycle, and most recently in 2022 after a 1-year delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 1Here, we announce that the 10th International Congress on Peer Review and Scientific Publication will be held in Chicago, Illinois, on September 3-5, 2025.The congresses have been enormously productive, incentivizing and publicizing important empirical work into how science is produced, evaluated, published, and disseminated. 2-4However, peer review and scientific publication are currently at a crossroads and their future more difficult than ever to predict.][4][5] We have accumulated a large body of empirical evidence on how systems function and how they can malfunction.][18][19][20][21][22] Research has revealed a rapidly growing list of biases, inefficiencies, and threats to the trustworthiness of published research, some now well recognized, others deserving of more attention. 2,3Moreover, practices continue to change and diversify in response to new needs, tools, and technologies as well as the persistent "publish or perish" pressures on scientists-as-authors.With the continued evolution of electronic platforms and tools-most recently the emergence and use of large language models and artificial intelligence (AI)-peer review and scientific publication are rapidly evolving to address new opportunities and threats. 23,24Moreover, a lot of money is at stake; scientific publishing is a huge market with one of the highest profit margins among all business enterprises, and it supports a massive biomedical and broader science economy.Many stakeholders try to profit from or influence the scientific literature in ways that do not necessarily serve science or enhance its benefits to society.The number of science journal titles and articles is steadily increasing 25 ; many millions of scientists coauthor scientific papers, and perverse reward systems do not help improve the quality of this burgeoning