Oxygenated sunflower biodiesel: Spectroscopic and emissions quantification under reacting swirl spray conditions

The spray combustion characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) biodiesel/methyl esters (SFME) and 50% SFME/diesel blend and diesel were investigated via a liquid swirl flame burner. The swirl flame was established at atmospheric condition by using a combined twin-fluid atomiser-swirler configuration at varied atomising air-to-liquid ratios (ALR) of 2.0–2.5. Diesel flame showed a sooty flame brush downstream of the main reaction zone, as opposed to the biodiesel flame which showed a non-sooty, bluish flame core. Biodiesel flame exhibited a more intense flame spectra with higher OH* radicals as compared to diesel. Higher preheating main swirl air temperature led to higher NO emission, while CO correspondingly decreased. Sunflower-derived biodiesel generally exhibited slightly higher NO and CO levels than diesel when compared at the same power output, mostly due to higher flame temperature and fuel chemistry effect. By increasing ALR, a significant reduction of NO and CO for both fuel types were concurrently achieved, presenting a strategy to control emissions and atomise biodiesel with higher viscosity under swirl combustion mode.