Minimally Invasive Phototriggered Nanosystems for Advanced Theranostics of Ocular Diseases

The prevalence of various ocular diseases poses a significant threat to global vision health. Conventional therapeutic strategies encounter considerable challenges, including limited bioavailability of topically administered drugs and unavoidable repeated invasive procedures for the refractory conditions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), known for their rapid therapeutic effects, are successfully employed to treat ocular infections and associated persistent biofilms, offering a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, innovative light-activated synergistic therapeutic nanosystems are being progressively developed for the treatment of the posterior segment and refractory ocular disorders. These systems enable controlled drug release at desired intraocular sites, achieving more precise and effective treatment with minimized invasiveness. This Review highlights the cutting-edge advancements in minimally invasive in situ phototriggered nanosystems for efficient treatment of ocular disorders, offering valuable insights for the future development of intelligent optical theranostic strategies in the management of ocular diseases.