Maximizing Heterologous Expression of Engineered Type I Polyketide Synthases: Investigating Codon Optimization Strategies

ABSTRACT Type I polyketide synthases (T1PKSs) hold an enormous potential as a rational production platform for the biosynthesis of specialty chemicals. However, despite the great progress in this field, the heterologous expression of PKSs remains a major challenge. One of the first measures to improve heterologous gene expression can be codon optimization. Although controversial, choosing the wrong codon optimization strategy can have detrimental effects on protein and product levels. In this study, we analyzed 11 different codon variants of an engineered T1PKS and investigated in a systematic approach their influence on heterologous expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum , Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas putida . Our best performing codon variants exhibited a minimum 50-fold increase in PKS protein levels, which also enables the production of an unnatural polyketide in each of the hosts. Furthermore, we developed a free online tool ( https://basebuddy.lbl.gov ) that offers transparent and highly customizable codon optimization with up-to-date codon usage tables. Here, we not only highlight the significance of codon optimization but also establish the groundwork for high-throughput assembly and characterization of PKS pathways in alternative hosts.