Exploring the hydrophobic channel of NNIBP leads to the discovery of novel piperidine-substituted thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs

In this report, a series of novel piperidine-substituted thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed to explore the hydrophobic channel of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors binding pocket (NNIBP) by incorporating an aromatic moiety to the left wing of the lead K-5a2. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV potency in MT-4 cells and inhibitory activity to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited broad-spectrum activity toward wild-type and a wide range of HIV-1 strains carrying single non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)-resistant mutations. Especially, compound 26 exhibited the most potent activity against wild-type and a panel of single mutations (L100I, K103N, Y181C, Y188L and E138K) with an EC₅₀ ranging from 6.02 to 23.9 nmol/L, which were comparable to those of etravirine (ETR). Moreover, the RT inhibition activity, preliminary structure-activity relationship and molecular docking were also investigated. Furthermore, 26 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles and with a bioavailability of 33.8%. Taken together, the results could provide valuable insights for further optimization and compound 26 holds great promise as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.