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Get Free AccessLong gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs), including their subclasses of low-luminosity GRBs (LL-GRBs) and X-ray flashes (XRFs) characterized by low spectral peak energies, are known to be associated with broad-lined Type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic-BL), which result from the core collapse of massive stars that lose their outer hydrogen and helium envelopes. However, the soft and weak end of the GRB/XRF population remains largely unexplored, due to the limited sensitivity to soft X-ray emission. Here we report the discovery of a fast X-ray transient, EP250108a, detected by the Einstein Probe (EP) in the soft X-ray band at redshift $z = 0.176$, which was followed up by extensive multiband observations. EP250108a shares similar X-ray luminosity as XRF\,060218, the prototype of XRFs, but it extends GRBs/XRFs down to the unprecedentedly soft and weak regimes, with its $E_{\rm peak} \lesssim 1.8\,\mathrm{keV}$ and $E_{\rm iso} \lesssim 10^{49}\, \mathrm{erg}$, respectively. Meanwhile, EP250108a is found to be associated with SN\,2025kg, one of the most luminous and possibly magnetar-powered SNe Ic-BL detected so far. Modeling of the well-sampled optical light curves favors a mildly relativistic outflow as the origin of this event. This discovery demonstrates that EP, with its unique capability, is opening a new observational window into the diverse outcomes of death of massive stars.
W. -X. Li, Z. -P. Zhu, Xingzhu Zou, Jin-Jun Geng, L. -D. Liu, Yonghong Wang, Rui Li, D. Xu, Hui Sun, X. -F. Wang, Yong Yu, B. Zhang, X. -F. Wu, Yue Yang, Alexei V Filippenko, X. -W. Liu, Weimin Yuan, David S. Aguado, Jie An, Tao An, D. A. H. Buckley, A.J. Castro-Tirado, Shao-Yu Fu, J. P. U. Fynbo, D. A. Howell, Jiaqi Hu, Shuai-Qing Jiang, Amit Kumar, J. -R. Mao, J. R. Maund, X. Liu, Brenna Mockler, A. Moskvitin, M. B. Andrews, Clécio R. Bom, Thomas G. Brink, K. Chatterjee, Yiqun Chen, Haiyang Cheng, J. Cooke, Lixin Dai, Guohong Du, Nicolas Erasmus, Y Fang, J. Farah, V. Goranskij, Maria Gritsevich, M. H. Gu, Ziyuan Guo, E. Hsiao, Y. -D. Hu, Yan-Qiao Hua, W. V. Jacobson-Galán, S. M. Jia, Chao Jin, M. M. Kasliwal, C. D. Kilpatrick, Brajesh Kumar, Wei‐Hua Lei, Cheng Li, D. -Y. Li, Leping Li, Z. X. Ling, Q. Liu, Yueqiang Liu, Yang Liu, A. López-Oramas, O. A. Maslennikova, C. McCully, I. M. Monageng, M. Newsone, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, Haiwu Pan, Haibing Peng, G. Pignata, F. Poidevin, S. B. Potter, I. Pérez-Fournon, L. Santana-Silva, Angelo Santos, Chao Song, Fangfang Song, O. I. Spiridonova, Ning-Chen Sun, X. -J. Sun, G. Terreran, Lingzhi Wang, Lifeng Wang, Bo Wang, Zirong Wang, Guang-Lei Wu, Xuhui Wen, Hubing Xiao, Yingjie Xu, Shuwen Xue, S. -Y. Yan, You Yang, Lu Yu, Y. -H. Zhang, Chongjie Zhang (2025). An extremely soft and weak fast X-ray transient associated with a luminous supernova. , DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.17034.
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Type
Preprint
Year
2025
Authors
100
Datasets
0
Total Files
0
Language
en
DOI
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.17034
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