A review of superhydrophobic and omniphobic membranes as innovative solutions for enhancing water desalination performance through membrane distillation

A growing focus has recently been on membrane distillation (MD) technology as a potential separation method for desalination through various MD configurations. However, due to the lack of proper and robust ceramic and polymeric membranes with high wetting and fouling resistance that can endure the harsh operating conditions for long MD operations, substantial research efforts have been directed toward enhancing the properties of superhydrophobic and omniphobic ceramic and polymeric membranes. Although there are few published articles, the uniqueness of this review lies in the fact that it comprehensively discusses the enhancement of MD performance for water desalination via superhydrophobic and omniphobic ceramic and polymeric membranes. This review includes a discussion of recent advancements in published studies, wetting properties, fabrication techniques, and MD performance of superhydrophobic and omniphobic membranes, highlighting the limitations of current ceramic and polymeric membranes in MD operations. It emphasizes the benefits of these membranes in MD configurations and surface modification techniques. The review identifies challenges and suggests further studies to develop robust membranes with superior wetting and fouling resistance, investigate long-term durability and stability, standardize characterization techniques, explore novel fabrication and surface modification techniques, and assess environmental impact. The suggested directions of development include integration with other membrane-based technologies, exploration of novel materials and designs, upscaling fabrication processes, and continuous monitoring and improvement of membrane performance. By addressing these conclusions and implications, superhydrophobic and omniphobic membranes can be optimized for efficient and sustainable water desalination through MD.